ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 34

Initial EEM List
Developing an inclusive, but refined, list of EEMs to analyze may have been the most critical part of this process (see sidebar, Initial Energy Efficiency Measures for GSA Retrofit Project). We developed this list while still on site; this allowed us to take advantage of insight from the building staff, and get their responses to the list before we started modeling. The list served as a driver for the analysis and was refined throughout the process; it helped us determine critical model inputs and gave insight to the most appropriate model calibration approach. Using a whole building energy simulation tool with the capability of running multiple parametrics in a short period of time allowed us to work with a fairly exhaustive list of EEMs. Although we eliminated measures that were not feasible, we did include any EEM that we or the building staff thought was worth pursuing.

Figure 1: Sketch of energy model geometry. We started developing the model by incorporating all of the known and roughly known values, and inputting mid-range values for the unknowns. We incorporated simplifications whenever possible that would not significantly impact results for the list of EEMs. The building geometry and zoning was greatly simplified, resulting in a significant reduction in modeling time. We took care to model the exterior wall, roof, and window areas accurately per orientation, but grouped together surfaces whenever possible. Zoning was detailed enough to assign appropriApproach

Model Development and Calibration
The calibration target for the energy model from NREL was to achieve within 10% of annual building energy cost. This is a fairly course calibration target, with thousands of different combinations of model inputs as possible solutions. We used experience, observation, and existing research to determine which inputs to vary for calibration while trying not to spend time on details that would not impact results. We first separated the list of model inputs into three categories: known values, roughly known values, and unknown values (Table 2).
Known Values HVAC Equipment Capacities, Efficiencies HVAC Operating Schedules HW, CHW, AHU Setpoints Fan and Pump Peak kW HVAC Functional Conditions Lighting Power Densities Lighting Controls Building Geometry Window Geometry and Performance Cost of CHW, Steam, and Electricity Roughly Known Values Ventilation Airflow Rates Wall and Roof R-Values Data Center Airflow Rates Elevator Energy Use Weather Unknown Values Plug Load Power and Schedules Kitchen Energy Use Building Infiltration Parking Garage Infiltration Steam Valve Leakage

Source As-Built Drawings, Verified On Site BAS, Conversations with Staff BAS, Conversations with Staff Calculated From amp Readings and Nameplates BAS, On-Site Functional Testing As-Built Drawings, Verified On Site Conversations with Staff, Verified On Site Construction Documents, Verified On Site Cut Sheets, Verified On Site Contracts with Utilities and Utility Bills Source BAS (Damper Positions) and MEP Schedules As-Built Drawings, Unverified CRAC Equipment Capacities, Site Observations Typical Values From Published Research TMY2 File for Baltimore Source for Range Experience, Occupant Density, and Publications Typical Values and Conversations with Staff Typical Values for Similar Buildings Typical Values and Observations Estimated Based on Observations

Acceptable level of accuracy achieved with collected information. These values were fixed during model calibration.

Approach Fixed Based on Best Estimate Fixed (Minor Impact on Results) Fixed Based on Best Estimate Fixed (Minor Energy Use) See Sensitivity Analysis (Table 5) Approach Used for Electricity Calibration Fixed (Minor Energy Use) Used for CHW Calibration Used as a Single Variable for Steam Calibration

Table 2: Summary of model inputs.
34 ASHRAE Journal ashrae.org November 2011



ASHRAE Journal - November 2011

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of ASHRAE Journal - November 2011

ASHRAE Journal - November 2011
Contents
Commentary
Industry News
Letters
Meetings and Shows
Feature Articles
Commissioning High-Tech Facilities
Streamlining Energy Simulation to Identify Building Retrofits
Technology Award Case Studies:
Laundry Upgrade
Creating a Healing Environment: Efficient Hospital
Standing Columns
Emerging Technologies
Products
Special Supplement: BACnet® Today and the Smart Grid
Commentary
BACnet: Operator Workstations
BACnet Alarming Revised
Information Model Standard for Integrating Facilities with Smart Grid
Demand Response and Standards: New Role for Buildings in the Smart Grid
Getting Smart on the Electrical Grid
Washington Report
Special Section
InfoCenter
IAQ Applications
Classified Advertising
Advertisers Index
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - ASHRAE Journal - November 2011
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - Cover2
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 1
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 2
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - Contents
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - Commentary
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 5
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - Industry News
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 7
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - Letters
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 9
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 10
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 11
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 12
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 13
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 14
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 15
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - Meetings and Shows
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 17
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - Commissioning High-Tech Facilities
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 19
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 20
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 21
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 22
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 23
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 24
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 25
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 26
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 27
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 28
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 29
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 30
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 31
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - Streamlining Energy Simulation to Identify Building Retrofits
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 33
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 34
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 35
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 36
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 37
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 38
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 39
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 40
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 41
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 42
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 43
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - Laundry Upgrade
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 45
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 46
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 47
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 48
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 49
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 50
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 51
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - Creating a Healing Environment: Efficient Hospital
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 53
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 54
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 55
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 56
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 57
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - Emerging Technologies
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 59
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 60
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 61
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 62
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 63
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - Products
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - Special Supplement: BACnet® Today and the Smart Grid
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B2
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B3
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - Commentary
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B5
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - BACnet: Operator Workstations
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B7
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B8
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B9
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B10
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B11
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - BACnet Alarming Revised
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B13
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B14
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B15
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B16
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B17
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - Information Model Standard for Integrating Facilities with Smart Grid
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B19
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B20
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B21
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B22
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - Demand Response and Standards: New Role for Buildings in the Smart Grid
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B24
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B25
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B26
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B27
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B28
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - Getting Smart on the Electrical Grid
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B30
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B31
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B32
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B33
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B34
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B35
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - B36
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - Washington Report
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - InfoCenter
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 67
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 68
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 69
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 70
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 71
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 72
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - IAQ Applications
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 74
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 75
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 76
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 77
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - Classified Advertising
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 79
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - Advertisers Index
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - Cover3
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - Cover4
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 121
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 122
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 123
ASHRAE Journal - November 2011 - 124
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